A series of U.S. presidential executive orders addressing artificial intelligence policy, with significant shifts between administrations. Key orders include: President Trump's 2019 order on "Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence" (later codified in the National AI Initiative Act of 2020); President Biden's October 2023 Executive Order 14110 on "Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence," which established reporting requirements for frontier models, mandated red-teaming, defined "dual-use foundation model," and directed creation of the AI Safety Institute; and President Trump's January 2025 orders revoking EO 14110 and replacing it with "Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence," which shifted policy toward deregulation and innovation. A December 2025 order sought to establish federal preemption of state AI laws. Despite the rescission of EO 14110, terminology it introduced (such as "dual-use foundation model" and "red team") remains in common use, and voluntary frameworks like the NIST AI RMF developed pursuant to it continue to be referenced in procurement and governance. Executive orders bind federal agencies but do not directly regulate private parties; however, they influence federal procurement requirements, agency enforcement priorities, and industry standards.
See: Dual-use foundation model; NIST AI RMF (AI Risk Management Framework); Red teaming